Does Patriarchy Still Exist - 1240 Words

Javier Venegas English 1A 5/19/2017 Does Patriarchy Still Exist? Does patriarchy still exist? Patriarchy is a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. In other words patriarchy means rule over women and nature. This â€Å"system† began since the beginning of time, but was officially established by europeans in America during their migration. Women were not allowed to vote or go to school, and often they were treated like slaves. Their responsibilities were all inside the household and in ways women were only consider breeders.Hoping to have a male child that can take over. Now women have rights; not only are they allowed to go to school they have overpassed men in education around†¦show more content†¦Women are paid less, discriminated, and harassed. Although some might object that women do have equal rights, and patriarchy is a thing of the past. I maintain that they do not, and that much has to be done before they can achieve ending patriarchy. One of the problems the system of patriarchy has in our society is the pay gap between a man and a woman. Study has shown that for every dollar a man makes a woman working the same job only makes seventy nine cents. This is a twenty one percent difference. The US Bureau of Labor shows that back in the nineteen-sixties the difference was much higher than today. The reason behind this is because back in the 1970s it wasn t as important for a woman to get an education. Only 14% of women over the age of 25 had a college degree in the workforce compared to men who had 20%. The issue of education has been resolved in America, not only have women increase the percentage to 40%, but they have surpassed Men by 4%. So if women have better education than man in the workforce; why is there still a pay gap today? There s still issues that need to be addressed. There is still gender segregation in the workforce, as only about 5% of women have a position in construction, maintenance, or natu ral resources. Another issue is that in some places the belief that a woman has more responsibilities in the household thanShow MoreRelatedPatriarchy By Mary Kincaid s Girl1699 Words   |  7 PagesPatriarchy has been part of the social and political systems since the beginning of time and yet most people do not even know that it exists. Patriarchy is a system in which it is believed that men are superior to all, especially women, and are believed to have the right to dominate over the weak. Moreover, patriarchy is pre-determined and little has been done to change it. Through â€Å"Understanding Patriarchy† by bell hooks one is able to infer and understand implied themes and ideas in Jamaica Kincaid’sRead MoreAccording to Pateman, What is Patriarchy?1345 Words   |  6 Pagesaccording to Pateman, is patriarchy? Do you agree or disagree? Discuss critically.† Patriarchy is generally defined as â€Å"a form of social organisation in which the father or eldest male is the head of the family and descent is reckoned through the male line† (Oxford Dictionary, 2006) and therefore it is traditionally referred to within the family context. In her discussion on sexual contracts, Pateman takes the definition of patriarchy to a deeper level by looking at the term patriarchy from various socio-politicalRead MorePatriarchy And Gender Discrimination : Women Are Socially Controlled By Male Patriarchy1019 Words   |  5 Pagesgender discrimination culturally, and historically. As a result, patriarchy has always been a major issue in history. Yet, forms of gender superiority still exist today. As seen in history, men have always been the superior gender. While females have been associated to being inferior to men. In the Feminist Theory Reader, we see the theme of male patriarchy in â€Å"Bargaining with Patriarchy†. Where Deniz Kandiyoti argues that patriarchy has always been a major issue in the actions of women in variesRead MoreFeminism : The Main Branches Of Feminism1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe roots of patriarchy and the details of its solution. However on whole it can be seen that they still agree the 2 core themes of feminism of patriarchy existing and what to do about patriarchy. Patriarchy is the view that man has oppressed women depriving them of choice or freedom to such opportunities a man is able to recieve. This is a core theme of feminism and it is agreed upon by all feminists that patriarchy exists. However they maybe some disagreement on where patriarchy is rooted. LiberalRead MorePatriarchy And Its Effects On Society894 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties on Earth, patriarchy reigns. In such a social structure if one group is dominant, that leads to other groups suffering unfairly. With the case of patriarchy, women are the ones with inadequate benefits. While several countries are attempting to do away with this and make life equal for both men and women, there exists an obvious gap in other places around the world from countries to homes. One can tell that in films such as Blue Jasmine and Arranged (2007), patriarchy continues even in aRead MoreWomen s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1052 Words   |  5 PagesGoogle.c om) noun the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Now what does this mean? This means that women deserve to be treated the same as men because we are on grounds that â€Å"women are inferior to men† in other words â€Å"men have it better off than women†. This is not only wrong but it is a movement for something doesn’t exist and fights sexism with sexism. Now most feminist would tell me I’m absolutely right for saying that â€Å"women have is worstRead MoreFeminist Literary And Cultural Theory By Donald Hall1338 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is an occurring problem in today’s society. Therefore, society still judges and give stereotypical characteristics and behaviors to woman. According to the text, â€Å"Literary and Cultural Theory† by Donald Hall, the purpose of feminism is â€Å"to reveal, analyze, and redress the situations in which women’s equality with men is denied† (200). For example, feminist analysis is being able to recognize the different degrees of social pow er that are given to and used by men and women (Halls 199). WhileRead MoreEssay about The Continuation Of Patriarchy In Our Culture1497 Words   |  6 Pagesforces of patriarchy to flourish. Although many people may not be purposefully attempting to continue this system of patriarchy, we each play a role in its survival. For many the problem is not that they are promoting patriarchy but that they are not challenging the system. In Johnson’s article â€Å"Patriarchy†, he is not examining whether a patriarchal system exists in our culture but what factors are driving this system to continue. The articles analyzed demonstrate Johnson’s theory of patriarchy by exemplifyingRead MoreThe Patriarchal System Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesand Children are Still Property of Men The purpose of this paper is to explore patriarchal values that reinforce violence towards women in intimate partner relationships. This paper argues that patriarchy and the social construction of masculinity reproduce male violence against women. The following sub-issues that that will be discussed are patriarchy, capitalism, the religion of Islam, and the construction of masculinity and femininity. All the sub-issues encompass patriarchy values which allowsRead MoreAnalysis Of From The Frying Pan Into The Fire 1506 Words   |  7 PagesWhat does the middle-class family look like in the twenty-first century? Probably both men and women are working in order to make money to support families. Women’s gender roles have changed significantly within fifty years. Because of Capitalism, women now have more rights than before, and some women now make more money than men. Capitalism combines the principle efficiency and the aim for profit, which presents as the more money one perso n can make shows the ability this person maintain. In â€Å"From

How Cheerleading Affects The Body and Mind - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1437 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/05 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Cheerleading Essay Did you like this example? It takes four people to put up a stunts. It takes four people to drop a stunt, but it only takes one ounce of doubt to make a stunt come down with injury. Cheerleaders must have a lot of things in sync for a group to make a stunt look good and go of without a injury, if not everyone is at risk. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Cheerleading Affects The Body and Mind" essay for you Create order It takes things like trust, strength, focus and a desire to impress to do a successful stunt. The physical part of stunting goes through all stages from youth, high school to elite cheer. All cheerleaders may have smiles on their face but they could be in pain after a stunt. All cheerleaders usually have a trauma during cheer, but thats how you find out if youre dedicated to a the sport. Cheerleaders who walk right back into practice or a game after a injury shows why cheer is a dangerous sport. Cheerleaders often defy limits and push themselves, even though put themselves at risk for potential problems in the future. When you see cheerleaders doing you dont really think they are that dangerous because everyone knows what their doing, but if one person is off time or gets caught on something,someone get an injury. You see cheerleaders at football games and basketball games. The rules are if anything over the heads of the bases the stunt has to be performed on a mat or in the grass. When cheerleaders cheer on the track or court can still get hurt like a 17 year old cheerleader in the 1998 attempted a backflip she slipped on the wet artificial turf. She ended up landing on her head, shocking her spinal cord and caused temporary paralysis. Common injuries for cheerleaders are muscle strains and injuries to the ligaments; there is also the head, neck, and back trauma. These injuries can come from stunting, tumbling, and simply doing jumps. The most dangerous stunts that result in injury if not done right are double downs, basket toss, pyramids, and full downs. Cheerleading is ranked in the top 20 of dangerous sports. Sixty-six percent of all catastrophic injuries in either high school or college females athletes occur due to cheerleading accidents. American Journal of Sports Medicine did an experiment and found of the most common stunts performed at the time there was 29 catastrophic injuries. They also found seventeen were head injuries resulting in 13 skull fractures resulting 2 deaths. 9 of them were pyramids and 8 involved baskets toss. Any trauma to the neck, head, or back can sideline a cheerleader for the whole season depending on how badly the part was injured. Most injuries from jumps or tumbling are known as s tress fractures. A stress fracture is when a fracture of a bone caused by mechanical stress, so when you land a tumbling pass that would be a stress fracture.Consumer Product Safety Commission had an estimate of 4,954 hospital emergency room visit were by cheerleading and in 2009 the number went up 28,000. United States Sports Academy states Cheerleader who fall from gymnastic-type stunts have been reported to have a greater impact than being tackled by a professional football player.Cheerleading is more dangerous than football, that is if you look at danger talking about the risk of injury. Shelbys story is a good example why cheer stunting needs to be recognize. Shelbys suffered a head injury and got cleared to cheer again, then got injured again , but her symptoms were more serve. She was sensitive to noise and light, experienced fainting spells, seizures, anxiety, depression, and excessive drowsiness. Shelbys story caught the attention of Jim Lord executive director of the AACCA at the time. The raw statistic that cheerleading accounts for two-third of all catastrophic injuries among female high school athletes. The raw number shouldnt scare people, it should be how the cheerleaders are getting injured. This is why the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research and the NFHS, NCAA, AACCA all make the rules on what is too dangerous to do in a stunt. Rules restrict such as no stunts above the head without a mat and backflip basket are not allowed at the highschool level. The AAP says the risk of injury is higher if a cheerleader has a high body mass index, a cheerleader has a previous injury, cheers are performed on a hard surface, cheerleader who are supervised by a coach with not alot of experience about the sports. Cheerleaders are encouraged to be ultra-competitive and this drives them to high and more dangerous stunts. Many cheerleaders will try to hide an injury if possible and walk it off, so not to appear weak or let the team down. This results the injury getting worse. Many cheerleaders take advantage of chiropractic care. Many injuries can worsen the body and over time can create long term loss of function. A more serious injury that occurs over time is call spondylolisthesis which is when the bone in the spine becomes is unable to maintain its position and the vertebrae will slip out of alignment this is often caused by stress on the back. The ideal posture to prevent weak joints that could cause muscle strain is head over hips, center of gravity in front of the heel, hips upright and aligned over the foot arch. The way injuries affect athletes mental is different than physical because you could be overwhelmed by a variety of internal and external lose. You may feel like you lost your identity as an athlete. Many athletes fall into depression after the injury and while going to physical therapy. Kenny McKinley was a Denver Broncos wide receiver, who had a knee injury and went to have surgery. After the surgery he was sideline the whole season, which eventually lead to him committing suicide, because he didnt know what he would do without the sport he loved. If a athlete has a concussion could affect them more because when you have a concussion there is no accurate timeline to release them to play. When a cheerleader has a concussion and goes to school the next day no one would actually recognize that the cheerleader was injury. When you have a concussion you look normal unlike someone who has a sling or crutches. Most teacher have been taught the signs or signals to look for if someone has a concussion. How you are affected mental can depend on how badly you were injured. If you only sprained your ankle, you might be out for a week or two, but if you got a concussion you could be out the whole season. Many cheerleaders who were injured are still trying to find a way to help the team out which might help them from slipping into depression. There has been research about how an injury has effect on the mental health, but not one specifically on cheerleading. When a cheerleader goes to a competition they have to do their best. Most sports you have to try to do the best of their ability to win. Cheerleaders have to put everything into their performance, so they can advance to the next round. Cheerleader dont get to just give up after a lost, they have to go back to the gym and keep practicing to the get the routine to it best. This puts more stress on the cheerleader. Cheerleader still have to go to school, work, and worry about any test or homework that they have to do t hat night. Adding something that takes a major of their time is very stressful having to balance everything. When you are stress your ability to do anything slows down and your muscle could tighten, which could possibly lead to a injury. The line of danger to a cheerleader verus someone who make the line are very different. The person who makes the line doesnt know how its gonna look or how the stunt groups gonna feel towards the stunt. When a cheerleader is not comfortable or in any way possible feel like they are going to get injured thats where they draw the line. If the cheerleader is fairly new they are not gonna want to do a full basket. They will want to work their way there so they know that they can trust their base and know that they arent gonna get injured. The people who make the rules dont know how it feels to be in the stunts or when the stunt is falling. They just know that the stunt is dangerous. A cheerleader who was injure will most likely not want to do the stunt that got them injured every again.

Slavery Was An Important Part Of North Carolina s History

Slavery has been part of North Carolina’s history since the late 1600s and early 1700s when the Europeans settled. The majority of the first slaves brought to the colony were from Africa. North Carolina did not play a major role in the slave trade because of its geography, which made it dangerous for slave ships to land on the coast of North Carolina. Therefore, slave traders would port to the north or south, Richmond or Charleston. Slavery was an important part of North Carolina s history because it was such a big impact in America and their economy was mostly plantation based, which required massive amounts of slaves to work on fields. In 1729, when Carolina split into North and South, North Carolina had approximately 6,000 slaves, a†¦show more content†¦Most records indicate that young children were sold with their mothers, but there are several instances of single purchases of very young slaves. Because young slaves were seen as long-term investments, slaveholders often found that the lower purchasing prices for them more than compensated for the lack of any real productivity for several years. The nonagricultural activity that involved more slaves more profitably than any other was mining. In 1828 the discovery of gold along various streams in the South Mountains of Burke and Rutherford counties led to a gold rush in western North Carolina that lasted for about five years. Mining towns quickly sprang up as slave owners from eastern North Carolina and Virginia joined local masters in putting their slaves to work in the mines and along the streams. An observer at a Rutherford County mine saw slaves employed primarily in washingore. They appeared very submissive but were watched closely to prevent their secreting any pieces of gold they might find. The North Carolina Slave Code of 1715, was a law that defined the status of a slave and the rights and responsibilities of slave owners. Slaves were required to carry a ticket from their owner when ever they left the plantation. The ticket stated where they were traveling and for what reason. The law

The Italian Renaissance - 1228 Words

The Italian Renaissance was a time for great cultural change and achievements, which began in Italy approximately during the 13th century and lasted up until the 16th century. It marked the transition between the Dark Ages and Early Modern Europe. The European Renaissance originated in Central Italy, and centered in the city of Florence.i The distinctive characteristics of northern Italian states such as art, literature, philosophy, and culture produced an atmosphere of learning and artistic expression. Many historians believe The Middle Ages ended after the fall of Constantinople and the end of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France.ii Europe was starting to take shape with regions in Northern Italy evolving. With this came†¦show more content†¦This had been happening since the Crusades, which is why Italy held much more wealth during this time than other parts of Europe. Italy also had a relationship with the Ottoman Empire, as they were trading partners. The ottoman empire significantly influenced the Italian Renaissance. This empire encompassed parts Africa, Asia, and Europe. Ottomans were an economic powerhouse. They were experiencing an Islamic Golden Age which meant they were on a serious pursuit of knowledge. They developed and researched subjects such as Mathematics, Science, and Astronomy. So as Italians reestablished trade they were exposed to the new ideas of the Middle East. This acted as a natural Segway to the Italian Renaissance. Feudalism never flourished in Italy. Italy was more urban whereas the rest of Europe was still rural. Money was made through trade and commerce instead of farming. Cities were the place where people exchanged ideas and the site of an intellectual revolution. This is where people would interact with one another and admire art and architecture. The class of people who most benefitted most from this were the merchants. During this time merchants had few opportunities to expand their business due to Italy being tightly packed. They could not franchise and build new businesses so they pursued art. What they got out of that was paying people to create. This led to a wealthy merchant class in each Italian city-state. Their wealth soon lead to them dominating politics.Show MoreRelatedThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art, writing, and thought, that roughly lasted between 1300 to 1600. In this time each citizen, countrymen, or villager had and performed different jobs and careers. Humanism the study of Greek and Roman writings, art, and architecture, initially jump started the Renaissance, and the need for art. Artists now were inspired to use life like art and linear perspective, so art seemed and was more realistic. The start of the Italian Renai ssance was theRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance period is known for the revival of the classical art and intellect born in ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance is also a time that is marked by growth, exploration, and rebirth. The Italian Renaissance started in Florence and progressively made its way into Venice and then into the great city of Rome. During the Renaissance, Rome was home to some of the renowned works of art and the finest architectural masterpieces in the world - too many that still holds true today. Along withRead MoreImpact Of The Italian Renaissance1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdisappearance of the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance was introduced to the European culture. The Italian Renaissance was the revival of the Greek and Roman cultures in forms of art, education, and literature. The Renaissance originally began in Florence, Italy during the time of 14 A.D and eventually began to expand through out western and northern Europe in 15 A.D. The rebirthing of these ancient cultures brought much awareness and knowledge to the Italian society and resulted in change in theirRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Italian Renaissance1299 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Italian Renaissance Renaissance means rebirth in the French language, the renaissance happened between the fifteenth century and sixteenth century. Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance was an era that rediscovered the culture of ancient Greece and Rome in the fourteenth century and witnessed a continuation of the economic, political, and social trends. Jacob Burck-hardt, a swiss historian and art critic, created the Renaissance in his celebrated book The Civilization of the Renaissance in ItalyRead More the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history. The arts were flourishing, while the city-states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use when they wanted power. Meanwhile those same rulers patronized the arts a great deal and they would commission the best artistic minds of the time to build, design and paint their palaces and churches and later on their own portraits andRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Northern and Italian Renaissance807 Words   |  4 PagesItalian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy - all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. Leonardo da Vinci was a Florentine artist, one of theRead MoreEssay about Italian and Northern European Renaissance758 Words   |  4 PagesItalian and Northern European Renaissance The Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances were both an important mark in history by changing the ideals of life, thought, culture, and art of the people’s of this time. In this paper I will explain the motive for change in these cultures, including the similarities and differences of the two cultures. The Italian and Northern European Renaissance was the marking point for leaving behind the old ways and moving into the more classicalRead MoreThe Act of Sodomy in Florence during the Italian Renaissance1839 Words   |  7 PagesThe Act of Sodomy in Florence During the Italian Renaissance During the Italian Renaissance, the sexual environment of fifteenth-century Florentine society is described as Florentine men partaking in some kind of same-sex experience. These same-sex acts were not just wrong doings, but a fundamental part of Florentine masculine identity. More specifically I will focus on sodomy, the act of anal or oral sex, which can be heterosexual or homosexual. What I will be analyzing in this paper is the termRead MoreIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Essay2465 Words   |  10 PagesIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Prostitution is normally thought of as anyone who sells his or her body for money. In this century, no distinction is put on the class level of the prostitute or on how much or how little he or she earns, they are still considered just a common prostitute. This was not true of 16th century Italy, though. In this age, prostitution was a legal business and class lines were of great importance. At the top of this list were the honestRead MoreThe Annunciation Explored through the Era of Italian Renaissance2314 Words   |  10 PagesChristian iconography. This essay will explore the depiction of the Annunciation and symbolism in the period of the Italian Renaissance and pay particular attention towards the development of the focus on spiritualism towards naturalism through the refined language of expression and gesture from the 14th century to the late 15th century. As a student of Duccio di Buoninsegna who was an Italian artist and actively worked in the city of Siena, Tuscany, Simone Martinis most famous painting The Annunciation

Birth Control A Purely Female Responsibility free essay sample

Based on the methods alone it is clear the responsibility of preventing pregnancy is placed more heavily on women. How many birth control methods are made only for men? Men have five: condoms, abstinence, vasectomy, withdrawal, and outercourse (I heard about the male birth control a couple of years ago but havent heard anything since. does it even exist?). Women have: female condoms, IUDs, the birth control pill, the Nuva Ring, the patch, diaphragm, Plan B, spermicidal jellies/foams, the sponge, Depo-Provera, outercouse, and abstinence.Is it a bad thing for most of the responsibility to rely on a woman? I dont think so. Women are the ones who will become pregnant, effect their bodies by pregnancy, and women will be responsible in every way when it comes to being pregnant. In my opinion it seems to be a good thing when the person who has to deal with the effects of something is the person with the most power when it comes to preventing pregnancy and having a variety of choices. We will write a custom essay sample on Birth Control: A Purely Female Responsibility? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also shows how much progress has been made. But, it focuses on how women should be preventing pregnancy lessens the responsibility for men. No matter what it is unconvincing we will ever have a method of birth control for men or women that is 100% effective..Men and women have equal responsibility in the sexual area. Regardless, of a man or womans use of contraceptives a condom should always be used for protection. According to the visual on page 168 of the text book, Some contraceptives methods can also protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This is an important factor to consider when choosing a contraceptive.I would love it if it was not always the woman who has to wreck her body by taking birth control but as long as women are the ones who can become pregnant and give birth things are going to be this way.

Public Corruption free essay sample

PUBLIC CORRUPTION Kelly Monks Anthony F. Scarpelli CJ-305-02 Applied Criminal Justice Ethics Unit 2 Critical Analysis Essay May 1, 2011 PUBLIC CORRUPTION Public corruption involves a breach of public trust and/or abuse of position by federal, state, or local officials and their private sector accomplices. By broad definition, a government official, whether elected, appointed or hired, may violate federal law when he/she asks for, demands, solicits, accepts, or agrees to receive anything of value in return for being influenced in their performance of their official duties( Myint, 2006). The majority of public corruption cases fall into one of five categories: legislative, judicial, regulatory, contractual, and law enforcement. Legislative corruption and judicial corruption deals with influence of legislators and judges. Regulatory corruption deals with government investigators, such as those looking into the corporate scandals of the past few years. Contractual corruption is illegal forms of persuasion connected to the distribution of government contracts. Law enforcement corruption refers to any improper attempt to sway officers of the law. Examples of corrupt behavior would include: bribery, extortion, fraud, embezzlement, nepotism, cronyism, appropriation of public assets and property for private use, and influence peddling. Corrupt behavior activities such as fraud and embezzlement can be undertaken by an official alone and without involvement of a second party. While others such as bribery, extortion and influence peddling involve two parties, the giver and taker in a corrupt deal. Corruption is a Western concept and is not applicable to traditional societies, where corruption does not have such a negative meaning. Many traditional societies with a â€Å"gift culture† have a different understanding of civil responsibilities and etiquette. The social structure and political traditions of many countries are based on the beneficial exchange of rewards for services rendered, and cannot survive in its absence. †(idebate. o rg). Do you agree with any part of this claim? If so which parts? If not, why not? I agree with this claim because public corruption is generally viewed as an obstacle in the development of a country. Many governments, international organizations and aid agencies have special agendas and rules and regulations that are enacted to fight the problem. In countries with very high levels of corruption is it very pervasive, it has to have some beneficial rewards. While definitely not something to be proud of, public corruption can be seen as an unavoidable side effect of development. Corruption reduces bureaucracy and speeds the implementation of administrative practices governing economic forces of the market. Corrupt public officials sometimes acquire incentives to help create a developmental friendly system for the economy. Corruption often starts a chain that can benefit all the economic players that are involved in the game, making sure that the over regulated and obstructive bureaucracies are much more efficient. In many countries corruption can be seen as a natural response to shortages. Often in developing countries the demand for a service such as access to the courts, education, healthcare, and the attention of civil servants and politicians far outweighs the ability of public officials to cope with the increased demands. To prevent the system from coming to a complete stop, a way to ration has to be found and corruption provides a way to decrease the demands on the system. It places a price on a service and enables officials to prioritize and go forward to deal with all the demands that have been placed on their time and resources. What do the readings say on the topic of corruption as cultural tradition? What counter- arguments do they make to the above assertion? Corruption is very bad for democracy as it can lead to the downfall of the state by special interests. In a corrupt societies free and fair election results count for little. Once in power a lot of politicians in members of the parties are likely to concentrate on enriching themselves by taking money from individuals and companies in order to promote their own interests rather than those of their voters or the country as a whole. Sometimes politicians can be bought outright, they can often be persuaded to change their political party for a very large financial reward. To avoid having to be accountable to the members of the electorate, corrupt politicians have an many different incentives they can use to corrupt the elections, such as bribing the electorate with their own money and plotting to make the electoral process unfair for the voters. This very unjustly, and it creates a contempt for democracy and makes coups and other forms of dictatorship more attractive to many people which can lead to people loosing faith in their government. This can economically disastrous because it gives those in power the incentive and ability to continually create new laws and regulations as they choose to, which they can then exploit in order to extract bribes. How could gift-giving traditions be used by unscrupulous officials as a way to take advantage of people in the name of tradition? There is a lot of pressure on companies to bribe government officials in third world countries. Bribery of government officials also takes place in the United States, it is very rare and when found they are severely punished. Bribery happens with greater frequency in third world countries, there is always a feeling present that it is a very normal practice to bribe government officials. Bribery is defined as â€Å"the condition in which a person, such as a government official, agrees to be paid to act as dictated by an interested party, rather than doing what is required of him in his official employment. What is central to the notion of a bribe is that an agreement is made, even if the act itself is never performed and the payment is never madeâ€Å"(Lawyershop. com). The person being bribed has implicitly agreed to abide by the rules of his government, organization, or legal system. There is a difference between bribery and extortion, which is where an official requires payment to perform his otherwise normal duties. There is a difference between bribery and gift giving, which includes neither implicit nor explicit agreements, even if the giver intends the gift as a payment for the official to perform sort of special duty for the gift giver. An official may accept a gift innocently, and friendships can be formed that may involve the exchanging gifts. Gift giving in foreign countries is sometimes often part of a needed business ceremony. The receiver of a gift needs to be confident that he remains impartial in conducting his official duties to make sure that no wrong doing can be seen. In some particular occupations, such as law enforcement, and governmental positions they have established codes that forbid gifts since the receiver can risk losing impartiality through gift giving. Corruption is now recognized to be one of the worlds greatest challenges. It is a major hindrance to sustainable development, with an impact on poor communities and is very corrosive on the very fabric that makes up our society. The impact that corruption has on the private sector is also considerable it impedes economic growth, distorts competition and represents serious legal and reputational risks for those who participative. Corruption can be very costly for businesses, with the extra financial burden estimated to add 10% or more to the costs of doing business in many parts of the world. The World Bank has stated that bribery has become a $1 trillion industry. Corruption as we all know it is inherently wrong. It is a total misuse of power and position and it can have a disproportionate impact on the poor and disadvantaged countries . It undermines the integrity of all involved and damages the fabric of the organizations to which they belong. The reality that laws making corrupt practices criminal may not always be enforced is no justification for accepting corrupt practices. To fight corruption in all its forms is simply the right thing to do. WORKS CITED 1. Benefits of Corruption. International Debate Education Association. (2006). Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www. idebate. org/debatabase/topic_details. php? topicID=507. 2. Bribery. Lawyershop. com. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www. lawyershop. com/practice-areas/criminal-law/white-collar-crimes/bribery- kickbacks 3. Delattre, E. J. (2006). Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing(5th ed. . Washington, D. C. : AESI Press. 4. Transparency International. The Global Corruption Against Corruption. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://www. transparency. org/news_room/faq/corruption_faq#faqcorr9. 5. U Myint. Asia-Pacific Development Journal. Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Cures. Vol. 7, No. 2, December 2000. Retrieved on May 1, 2011 from http://content- crj. kaplan. edu/CJ340_1102C/images/product/myint. PDF.

International Marketing Management

Question: Write an essay on International Marketing Management. Answer: Abstract In this report an analysis has been done on the market entry strategies and emphasis has been given on the licensing strategy. Tesco has been selected as the chosen organization for this study. The company is trying to expand its market and has selected India. The advantage of licensing is that in this process, a licensor will sell its expertise right to the licensee for a limited amount of time. There are various factors such as geographic location and political issues which can affect the business operation of Tesco. The company also has to face different non tariff barriers in India as well. They have to take help of local firms for this purpose. Depending on the cultural differences, the company needs to change stages of product life cycle. Introduction Tesco is one of the most popular retail organizations of UK that was founded by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls in the year of 1919 (Brannen et al. 2013). The name Tesco was introduced in the year of 1924 when Cohen bought a shipment from Stockwell. He used the first two letters of Stockwells name which are T and E and then added first two letters of his surname to develop the name Tesco. The first Tesco store was opened in the year of 1929 in Burnt Oak, Barnet (Tesco 2016). After gaining immense success in the UK market, the authority of Tesco has decided to focus on the Asian markets especially in India (Tesco 2016). India is a country where the demands of retail products are increasing day by day. On the other hand, there is no such company present in the market that could give Tesco a minimum competition. With that much high prospective and no competition, India was considered as the best place to start Tescos venture in Asia. Licensing strategy as a market entry mode and its advantages, disadvantages Tesco is one of the leading retailer organizations of UK who is planning to spread their business in Asian countries. For each country, there are different rules and regulation along with different customer demands and buying behaviour. Based on those aspects, it is difficult to choose a proper market entry mode to start a business venture in India (Samiee 2013). There are several market entry strategies that Tesco can follow while making their entry to India. However, according to Andersen (2014), International Licensing Agreement is the best possible market entry mode that Tesco can adopt in order to make their way into the Indian market. Licensing allows involving a licensee and licensor together in an agreement that will provide benefits for both the sides while conducting a business in any country. In this process, a licensor will sell its expertise right to the licensee for a limited amount of time. This process also refers to intangible properties such as patents, inventions, formulas designs, trademark and copyrights. In this process, the licensee will have to pay the royalty fee to continue the contract with the licensor. According to Bond and Saggi (2014), more than 60 percent people in India are under 35 years old and more than 50 percent people are under the age of 25. The demand of brand conscious consumers, especially the young, has unbeatably accelerated the growth signal for the business of brand licensing India. In near future, it is expected that this demand will reach to the great heights where proportionate steps will be taken into account. As mentioned by Ji and Dimitratos (2013), the size of consum er product licensed merchandise market in India was estimated at $135 million where the sales are expected to raise over $500 million in the next five year (Stevens and Dykes 2013). The entry mode for a licensing market is similar to that of a franchise operation in which Coca Cola has set a perfect example. In countries such as Zimbabwe, United Bottlers have the license to make Coke (Alegre and Berbegal 2015). As a result, the main organization has little involvement and expenses in the country while they can still make the sales out of it. Some of the advantages of Licensing are mentioned below: Licensing is considered as the best way to start new operations. As it helps to develop a low risk manufacturing relationship, the entrepreneurs can easily gain competitive advantage over the existing market rivals who have undertaken a different entry mode (Stevens and Dykes 2013). It requires a lot of effort in order to get something out of the market in a foreign country. If Tesco can implement a successful licensing strategy with an experienced licensor who is already well recognized in the Indian market, then they can gain greater market share in no time. Besides, as Tesco already has a vast experience in several foreign markets, linkage between parent and receiving partner would help both the parties to get most out of marketing effort (Parola 2013). On the other hand, as capital is not tied up in foreign market because of licensing strategy, Tesco will have an advantage. Another advantage of licensing is that very little investment is required on the part of licensor. Consequently, this makes it easier for the licensor, Tesco in this case, to gain greater share of the return on investments (ROI).. However, as the licensee produces and markets the product, potential returns from manufacturing and marketing activities may be lost. According to Alegre and Berbegal (2015), licensing has some disadvantages too that might affect the marketing strategies and objectives of Tesco. Some of the disadvantages of Licensing and franchising market-entry mode strategy are minimum amount of control, legal and regulatory environment including IP and contract law. Besides, the chances are high that the licensee may become a competitor (Hovhannisyan and Keller 2015). It is true that in India, licensing and franchising strategy is vastly adapted by the foreign organizations; however, some issues also exist in the Indian market, which must be dealt by Tesco at the first place. There is no specific law pertaining to licensing in India, licensing as a business touches upon several business laws and specific industry laws within India. Licensing Strategic alliance Joint ventures Exporting It includes turnkey contracts, franchising and manufacturing contract In this case, Tesco will charge a fee or royalty for the use of its technology, brand and expertise. In franchising, franchiser organization will provide branding; concepts and other important things that are needed to operate in an international market to the franchisee. Franchiser controls the management in this case. Some examples are Dominos Pizza, Coffee Republic and McDonalds Restaurants. Strategic alliance is a whole series of different relationships between companies that operates in international market. Strategic alliances are non-equity based agreements where companies remain independent and separate. For example, iPhone was initially marketed by O2 in the United Kingdom market. This process is equity based where a new organization will share hands with parties that own a proportion of the new business. In joint venture, one company will have the access to technology and management skills of other company. For example, Hondas relationship with Rover in the year of 1980. Access to channels of distribution, manufacturing and RD. Two ways of exporting are present which are direct and indirect. For example, piggybacking whereby the new product uses current distribution and logistics of other businesses. The Licensing framework and legal issues of India can be found from appendix 1 and 2. Importance of Geography and history of India History and Geography of a country helps the marketing management of an international business to gain a better view on the market. Especially in India, where diversity is bigger in terms of geography and history, Tesco will have to understand the difference between India and UK. Understanding the history of India will help Tesco ascertain the nations mission such as how it perceives its neighbours and how its sees its place in the world. History of India will also help Tesco understand how people in India negotiate in terms of business, their strategies to conduct business, their attitude towards foreign investment and legal systems of India. India and the UK shares great cultural differences which can easily cause misunderstandings and mistakes while choosing proper marketing and product strategies. Tesco cannot change the buying behaviour of Indian customers. They will have to react as per the demands of Indian customers, which they will be able to derive after precisely evaluating the historical perspectives of those customers. Moreover, understanding this aspect will also help understand the role the Government plays in international business, relation of managers and subordinates and management authority sources. According to Almadani (2014), understanding the history of India will help Tesco to find out, explain and realize the image of Indian people, their fundamental attitude and unconscious fear that reflects their view on foreign cultures. Understanding the culture of India will also help understand the differences between the previous and present culture. Besides history, geographical diversity of India will also put an impact on the business and marketing of Tesco. Geography in marketing is considered as a physical characteristic of a specific region that includes climate, topography and population. These factors are the primary determinants of Indias customs, products, needs and methods of deciding which product will gain popularity in which region (Kumar and Pattnaik 2014). Marketing of Tesco totally targets to meet the needs of people and that is why it is important for them to understand what those needs of the customers are. The authority of the organization will have to become familiar enough with the geography of the country to understand the various causal factors of the people (Laurent and Jean 2014). They will have to implement proper researches to evaluate various climates and topologies that exist in the country. Based on those conditions, the authority of Tesco will have to shape their marketing plans in India. The same aspects will also affect the manufacturing unit of Tesco. For example, some areas of India are highly hot and humid. If Tesco develops their manufacturing units in those areas, then they will have to take extra precautions so that the machineries can run safely (Niu 2013). On the other hand, warehouses where the products will be stored might also be located in one of those hot and humid areas. The organization will have to imp lement proper artificial technologies so that products can be kept safe. There are some major challenges that Tesco may face while conducting their business in India. Those challenges can affect the future growth of Tesco and Indias retail market industry. Some of those challenges are hereby mentioned below: With the change of geographical location, the talent shortage and lack of trained man-power is visible in most places in India. Therefore, it is unlikely that Tesco will be able to run a stable business in India. Again, for the different geographical structure of the country the transportation system is hampered. Therefore, supply chains are yet not efficient. This is the reason that customers are not getting what they are bargaining for. In India, a Plethora of Clearances are important to submit before opening a retail outlet that limits the expansion of retail outlets in the first place. India is still considered as an under developed country where infrastructures such as electricity, cord chains and roads are not even average in most areas (Ostler 2014). Therefore, Tesco will have to take support from multiple vendors to fulfil their requirements which will raise their costs and prices. Indias organized sector does not have the status of industry that will make it easy for Tesco to raise funds for their expansion plans in the future. Last but not the least, restriction from Government on FDI limitation is forcing the retail organizations to have a limited exposure. Retail industry demand in India and organized v/s total industry graph is shown in appendix-3 and appendix-4. Diversity Management in India IBMs eight diversity task forces were responsible for gathering data on personnel trends as well as customer market and labour market for their groups. The diversity initiatives that are described in figure 4 helped the organization to shape the employees to think about possible business and development opportunities. Critically evaluate the commonly held belief that there is no single market entry strategy which is appropriate in all circumstances. Answer with reference to business format Licensing operations. As Holtbrgge and Baron (2013) mentioned that there are various market entry strategies used by various organizations to enter the foreign markets. They are such as direct exporting, licensing, franchising, partnering and joint venture and Greenfield investments. As Leonidou et al. (2013) stated that various factors influence strategy selection. These factors include tariff rate of the foreign country, adoption required for a specific product, transportation and marketing cost and cultural variation. Direct exporting is the strategy to sell products directly into the market by using own resources of the organization. Once a company is established in a foreign market, they select various sales programs to convert distributors into agents. These agents represent the organization and become the face of the organization in the foreign market (Chang et al. 2013). There is another strategy named as licensing, where the firm transfers the right of using a product or service to another organization. As Arora et al. (2013) mentioned that, licensing is effective on those situations where the purchasing company has larger market share in the foreign company. As Leonidou et al. (2013) mentions that depending on the cultural variation and geographic location, market entry strategy also varies. For example, it has been found that in North America, a marketing strategy named as franchising is used to deal with rapid market expansion. As argued by Bagur-Femenias et al. (2013) franchising model is appropriate for those organizations which have a rapid business model. In this case, a company must has a unique business model or the company needs to have strong brand recognition, which can be in international market. On the other hand, in order to enter in majority of the foreign countries of Asia, partnering can be used. As stated by Jos Martnez-Jurado et al. (2013) , partnering can also vary from simple co-marketing arrangement to a sophisticated strategies alliance with other companies. According to Fletcher and Crawford (2013) partnering can be an effective market entering strategy for those companies which have different cultures and business strategies from the target foreign market. For example, in case of Tesco, the company can use partnering strategy to enter in the market of India. As stated by Germann et al. (2013) , taking the help of local organizations can bring local market knowledge in business operation. Moreover, Tan and Sousa (2013) stated that Joint venture is a type of partnering, where two companies join together to develop a new organization to operate in a foreign market. Hence, it has been found that depending on the market condition of a foreign market, a company needs t o change its market entry strategy According to Magnusson et al. (2013), in most of the cases it has been found that a company is able to expand its market into one new country or one new culture. The first major challenge that a company has to face is related to selection of target market for expansion. For this reason, the management of an organization needs to develop lists in which the company is working successfully. As stated by Tan and Sousa (2013), after identification of the target market, a company needs to conduct a market research to determine where to expand their business. As Leonidou et al. (2013) stated that, for this purpose, a company needs to consider the needs and desires of customers and the difference between cultures. The relative differences between different cultures around the world can be found from appendix 6. As Tan and Sousa (2013) stated that there is another way to take appropriate decision about market entry. It is to narrow down the expansion of choices to target countries with appropriate clusters. As Austria (2013), stated that, clusters are the geographically focused hubs of organizations in related fields. According to Germann et al. (2013), a cluster can serve as a source of new customers. According to Tan and Sousa (2013), when the company is trying to enter a new market, it needs to adopt or standardize its marketing mix. In order to make an appropriate marketing decision, a marketer needs to understand that marketing mix is not only adopted or standardized. The continuum of adoption and standardization for a specific product can be analyzed from appendix-7. According to Tan and Sousa (2013), the essence of global marketing is to find out the balanced localized approach of marketing mix and standardized approach of marketing mix. In case of market entry strategy, the necessary decisions that managers have to make is the degree to which a company should standardize or adopt a global marketing strategy. The most appropriate marketing strategy that can be applied in the Indian market is given below: Understand the diverse market and strategies specific target segments Modifying the offerings in accordance to the target group of India. Integration of informal sector into the core business model Consistency in approaching the market and patience to realize the results Obtain licensing approval Outsourcing services The time scale of the applicable marketing strategy is given in Appendix-8. Critically discuss what strategic options are open to marketing firms when attempting to deal with the problems of non-tariff barriers in developing and economically developed and industrialised countries? Choose at least one industrialised country and one developing country to illustrate the points made. Answer with reference to business format Licensing operations According to Austria (2013), non-tariff barriers are those obstacles that restrict the import or export of services and goods from one country to another without the simple imposition of tariffs. For example, the retail company of UK, Tesco, has to face various non-tariff barriers in industrialised countries such as China. These barriers include import licensing, variation of rules, rules of origin and pre-shipment inspection. There are various other factors such as lack of cultural understandings, differential VAT values, corruption, counter fitting, complex certification system, and transportation system can affect the business operation of Tesco in China. Different types of Non-Tariff barriers that Tesco has to face in industrialised countries like China can be found from appendix-9. In order to deal with these Non-Tariff barriers (NTB) pertaining to the business of Tesco in China, marketers need to understand how distribution channels work in economically developed countries such as China or Australia. As stated by Germann et al. (2013), companies need to understand that good quality of products and services can help them to attract good distributors in countries like India. It will help them to overcome various NTBs such as corruptions, customs and transpirations. There are some practical strategies, which this company can implement to overcome NTBs like corruption. They include IP protection of the company and investing in technical advancements in order to deal with counterfeiting. From the Appendix-10, the evolution of non-tariff barriers in developing countries like India has been given. According to Fletcher and Crawford (2013), the company needs to make polite refusals or use efficient distributors to deal with corruption in India. As argued by Leonidou et al. (2013), it has been found in majority of the cases in developing countries like India; companies avoid Whistle Blowing, due to the fear of destroying the business relationship within these countries. In these cases, they can hire local employees or staffs and develop their physical presence in these developing countries. As Leonidou et al. (2013) mentioned that, it will help them to deal with NTBs. There are various other ways, in which NTBs can be managed. For example, the UK government agency needs to pursue the Indian government to develop laws and regulations that will help to eliminate NTBs that the company is facing. In addition, companies need to adopt appropriate marketing strategies to meet the market needs of the foreign countries. In case of India, Tesco needs to concentrate on quality of products rather than market penetration strategy. As Holtbrgge and Baron (2013) mentions t, with the increase of globalization in business, it has become more challenging to develop effective and efficient marketing strategies for business operations. With the emphasis of globalization, it has become necessary for organizations to formulate their global marketing strategy in accordance to the needs of foreign countries (Leonidou et al. 2013). As Fletcher and Crawford (2013) stated, there are two major reasons for undertaking product adoption. They are such as: To accomplish foreign marketing needs. To comply with the regulations and laws of foreign market. For example, in order to make product adoption, the company Tesco needs to add additional warnings on the labels of goods as required by laws of Indian government to meet up with the additional safety features. According to Fletcher and Crawford (2013), there are three types of product or marketing adoption can be used and they are tangible adaption, intangible adaption and promotional adoption. In case of tangible adaption, physical aspects of products such as taste, size, ingredients and packaging of products according to the desire of foreign customers are considered. For example, spicy is a relative term. The meaning of Spicy is different in Suburban areas of UK and US from what is spicy in India (Fletcher and Crawford 2013). Hence, the company needs to make tangible adoption in order to meet the needs of Indian customers. On the other hand, intangible modification in the foreign market is changing the brand name and positioning. As Tesco is a renowned company, it does not requi re changing its brand name while expanding its market in India. Critically evaluate the concept of the product life cycle as a strategic marketing tool in international markets. Use examples and a diagram or figure to illustrate the points made. Answer with reference to business format Licensing operations. The concept of product life cycle (PLC) theory was first introduced in the year of 1950s to analyse the expected life cycle of products from design to obsolescence. As Koellner et al. (2013) stated, product phases can be divided as introduction, growth of products, maturity of products and declination. While conducting business in foreign market, PLC can work as a useful tool that can maximise the value of products and profitability of each stage. There is a chart given in appendix-11, which discusses about the concept of International PLC. This PLC diagram is helpful to discuss different stages of the product life cycle. While entering into a new market, such as India, Tesco needs to implement five distinct decisions in the introduction stage of product life cycle. They are idea validation, conceptualization and specification of design, prototype testing (Yue et al. 2013). In the introduction stage, Tesco needs to build awareness about products among potential customers of India. The company needs to develop appropriate advertising strategies depending on the market situation. There are various market entry strategies which can be used by the company Tesco, to gain higher an amount of market share in India such as penetration strategy or skimming strategy. At the growth stage, Tesco needs to decide whether, it wants to increase its market share in India or profitability. At this stage, the company will increase its production which will decrease the unit costs. As Dhillon (2013) states, in this stage, the major goal of the company is to increase brand loyalty among new buyers. By providing offers, discounts and developing an effective advertising strategy can help to grow the market of Tesco in India. A typical product life model has been provided in appendix-12. For example, 3D televisions received considerable investment from broadcasters and technology companies. Then it was possible to make the product available for the home. This is a good example of Growth stage. In case for drinks products, currently in India 7up is one of the most popular drinks product which is gaining growth in the market. In the maturity stage, it is expected that sales growth will slow down for Tesco and an inevitable decline will begin. In this situation, authority of the organization will have to defend their market position at that time. More and more competitors will come forward at this stage to challenge Tesco and they will implement more strategies to give a tough competition to the organization (Xuegong et al. 2013). Some of the organizations will also start giving away products at a comparatively low price. This cycle is known as the longest of the other three cycles, in the entire product cycle. It is also seen that many products remain in this stage for decades (Dhillon 2013). For example, blue ray players with advanced technology are delivering the very best viewing experience and that is why it is experiencing steady growth. However, with the arrival of 3D television, it is expected that their growth rate will slow down sooner. Organizations such as Coca-cola are living in maturity stage from a long time in India. Many companies are coming forward to challenge Coca-Cola and that is the reason the organization has reduced its prices. Right after the maturity stage, decline stage will come when Tesco will experience a downward slide in sales. Revenues will go down drastically to a stage from where it will not be useful to continue making that product. In this situation, either Tesco will have to decide whether they will continue with the product or will sell it to other organizations (Dhillon 2013). However, it would be better if they sell it as they will not gain any further profits in the future. Tesco can implement another strategy in this situation, which is effective but rare. In this scenario, Tesco can discontinue that product and can allow the stocks to dwindle to zero. However, the company may also sell the rights of supporting the product to another organization. Then that organization will maintain the product. For example, if Tesco is selling a special type of sports shoe in India, they can sell the rights to maintain and support the product to Khadims, which is a popular shoe manufacturing organizatio n in India. Video recorders are still available in the market but are in decline stage as in spite of its cheap prices, customers are switching to new technologies and trends. Mirinda is the biggest example of decline stage in Indian market. The product has already reached to its limits and the chances are almost nil that the company will gain any profit from it in the near future. Conclusion In this assignment, a marketing plan has been discussed for the company Tesco, which is trying to enter the market of India. In this case scenario, licensing is used as appropriate market entry method. It has been found that there is no one single market entry strategy is appropriate for all circumstances. Different types of market entry strategies can be used by business organization in accordance to the cultural differences of various countries. They include partnering, licensing, and franchising. It has been found that licensing is one of the common ways of entering foreign markets. The advantage and disadvantage of licensing has been analysed in comparison with other marketing strategies. In order to develop marketing in India, Tesco needs to understand the history and geography of the foreign country. The company needs to change its product life cycle depending on the cultural needs of the country. There are various strategies have been discussed in this assignment, those can he lp the company to deal with non-tariff barriers in industrialised countries like China and developing countries like India. Reference list Alegre, I. and Berbegal-Mirabent, J., 2015. Entrepreneurship and the Influence of History: How Much Impact Do Country-Specific Historical Factors Have on Entrepreneurship Initiatives?. InEntrepreneurship, Regional Development and Culture(pp. 35-52). Springer International Publishing. Almadani, A. 2014. Globalization and Corporate Governance.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology. Andersen, P., Ahmad, S.Z. and Chan, W.M., 2014. 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The Persian Empire Essay Example For Students

The Persian Empire Essay The Persian Empire was a glorious empire indeed! Although manyEuropean countries and western counties ignored Persias proper name, Iran,until the Arab conquest in 700 A.D., many countries still do consider it avery formidable opponent. This essay will give a brief summary of thehistory of the Persian Empire. At around 1500 B.C., multiple Aryan tribes settled on the northernside the Iranian plateau, the most important of which was the Medes. On thesouthern side were the Persians who had emigrated from Parusa. The Persiansnamed that land Parsumash. In the late 6th century B.C., The warriorchief, Hakhamanish, was the first prominent leader of the Persians. Duringhis reign, the Medes dominated the Persians and a new leader rose tooverthrow the Median leaders. His name was Cyrus The Great. In 546 B.C. heconquered the kingdom of Lydia and, shortly after, the kingdom ofBabylonia. Doing so, he established the Persian Empire as the preeminentpower of the world. We will write a custom essay on The Persian Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Cyruss son, Cambyses II, became the heir to the throne and extendedthe Persian land even further by capturing Egypt. The next king, Darius I,had a canal built between the Nile River and the Red Sea. That earned himthe title Darius the Great. Darius crushed a revolt of Ionian Greeksliving under Persian rule in Asia then launched an attack against theEuropean Greeks for supporting the rebels. His forces were tragicallydefeated at the battle of marathon. He began preparing a new attack againstthe Greeks but died before the preparation was complete. His son, Xerxes,attempted to carryout his fathers plan but utterly failed. In the yearsafter 446 B.C., the Persian Empire began to decline. The end of the Persian Empire came in the form of the multiplemerciful attacks made by Alexander the Great during the years of 334-331B.C. Although the country of Persia was reestablished many years later, onecan highly doubt that it was ever the same again. The country of Persia isnow known commonly as Iran, but will always be remembered as The Great Persian Empire.

The Wallingford Bowling Center Case free essay sample

Five alternative solutions are; more advertising, offering incentives to customers during slow hours to increase sales, use the extra space and rooms to generate income by renting that space, closing the business during slow times, put the business on the market to gauge potential profit from sale. In evaluating the alternatives we determine the adequacy of the alternatives that have been generated. More advertising would provide a larger customer base especially for the slow periods in turn increasing profits, but it may not be an adequate solution because of the company’s position of operating expenses; however it could increase profits by luring in more customers especially during times when capacity is low. Offering incentives to customers is an option that could provide more customers that otherwise would not have visited the business. Using the extra space of the bowling alley as a rental for special events especially during slow hours could provide a potential profit in space that would otherwise go unused. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wallingford Bowling Center Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Closing the business during slow hours would be a very viable option because it would save on operating costs and in turn increase the profits. Testing the market with this business could also be an option, although the profit pool has not been desirable, the business seems to be established which could be very attractive to potential buyers. It would at least be worth a look to see what kind of profit margin could be reached with a sell. Making the choice involves the concepts of maximizing, satisficing, and optimizing. I think that by shutting down the business during slow times we will be maximizing because we achieve the best possible outcome in that we increase occupancy and sales at the same time while decreasing expenses. After the choosing the alternative it must be implemented with careful planning that highlights a clear plan of what will happen and also take time to identify potential problems and potential benefits that could result from implementation. Evaluating the decision will involve evaluating the implementation of our chosen alternative by collecting and analyzing information on how well the decision is working. Question 2 As a general manager I would utilize the group decision making process by having controlled brain storming sessions that involve all employees in the company. All of the employees could potentially bring an idea or ideas to the table because creative ideas usually arise when there is total freedom of ideas minus criticism. I would first do it by email and then by a group. Question 3 I think this case provides a good background for involving group decision making because there happens to more than a few possible fixes, ultimately the owners make the decisions but they have a pool of resource and creativity within their workforce that could provide insight. Sometimes in a group format people can become anxious and uninhibited, conform to the ideas of others, set low standards, and engage in non creative behaviors such as telling stories totally unrelated to the matter, complimenting each other, and repeating ideas. Wallingford could combat these disadvantages by instructing the participants to write down ideas silently, using a facilitator, setting high performance goals, and using an electronic format so that people aren’t competing for air time.

Parents Influence on the Life of the Main Characters

Parents Influence on the Life of the Main Characters The relationship between parents and children is one of the themes that are often explored in various literary works. This paper is aimed at discussing two novels, namely This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff and Into the Forest by Jean Hegland. In particular, it is necessary to discuss the way in which parents influence the attitudes and values of Tobias, Nell and Eva who pass into young adulthood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Parents’ Influence on the Life of the Main Characters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is possible to say that lack of parental attention makes Toby him extremely self-centered and ambitious since in this ways he tries to overcome his feeling of worthlessness. In contrast, the parents of Nell and Eva help daughters retain devotion to one another at the time when many people are driven only by the need to survive. This is the main difference that can be identified. At first, one s hould focus on Tobias’ experiences. It should be noted that this boy wants to be called Jack in honor of the famous writer Jack London. This is how he explains his reasons for this decision, â€Å"I wanted to call myself Jack, after Jack London. I believed that having his name would charge me with some of the strength and competence† (Wolff 8). This detail immediately attracts readers’ attention. Overall, this choice indicates that Tobias struggles with lack of self-esteem because he lacks the attention of his parents. Moreover, this behavior can be described as escapism which means that he attempts to create a desired image of himself without really trying to change his real qualities. Additionally, this boy prefers to tell others that he is â€Å"a straight A student†, even though his academic performance is far from perfect (Wolff 213). To a great extent, this behavior could be explained by the lack of parental concern for his needs. In contrast, Nell and Eva do not struggle with the sense of alienation, even despite the fact they parents passed away. They remember that their parents always cared about their needs and they taught them to be loyal to each other. These girls feel fully self-sufficient when they are together. This is one of the main aspects that should be identified because it illustrates in the difference in the worldviews of Toby, Nell, and Eva. Additionally, Nell and Eva understand that their unity is vital for their survival in the world. Moreover, one cannot say that Nell and Eva are driven by the need to attain success at the expense of another. In her diary, Nell writes that the separation with Eva will be intolerable to her. She says, â€Å"I was already weeping and screaming and begging her not to leave me† (Hegland 77). These girls rely on the memories of their parents who showed them why a person should value his/her relatives or beloved. In contrast, Tobias does not have close relations with other children or teenagers. Moreover, he is afraid of developing an attachment to another person because he does not want to cope with negative emotions or â€Å"hard feelings† provided that â€Å"closeness ends† (Wolff 217). This difference suggests that parenting care is critical for the development of an adolescent and his/her transition into adulthood. This is one of the main points that can be made.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the readers can see different roles that parents can play. In particular, the parents of Nell and Eva are not physically present; yet, their influence is still palpable. In this case, childhood memories serve as a shield that safeguards these girls against the cruelty of the society. Such a phenomenon is typical of people who had harmonious relationship with their parents. In turn, Tobias’ parents do not pr oduce any positive impact on him. His psychological development is the response to the lack of parental attention. This is one of the main issues that should be taken into consideration since it is critical for explaining the behavior of this character and his perception of the world. It is critical to examine some of the main difficulties that the characters produce encounter when they grow into young adulthood. For example, Tobias is strongly attached to his mother, but in his view that she is more interested in her intimate relations. Her marriage with Dwight adversely affects Tobias, since this boy becomes alienated from his family. He says, â€Å"I was subject to fits of feeling myself unworthy† (Wolff 11). This is the main factor that drives his behavior. In her book, Jean Hegland describes a very different relationship between parents and children. One should take into account that they have long become orphans. Nevertheless, the memories of parents help them to avoid the madness that engulfed the society. One can say that their mother and father always devoted the time to the needs of Nell and Eva. This is why they are so different from Tobias. It should be taken into account that these girls live in a post-apocalyptic world in which the major social institutions collapsed. There is no external authority that can regulate the relations in the community. Furthermore, a great number of people begin to display their worst qualities when they are confronted with difficulties. Nevertheless, one cannot say the same thing about Nell and Eva who are able to retain the memories of their parents. This is why Nell writes that she is â€Å"still too much my fathers daughter to burn these pages† (Hegland 7). It should be noted that Nell frequently mentions her deceased parents, and this legacy helps Nell and Eva retain their close bonds even at the time, many people are reduced to the status of animals. They understand that their family can be their s tronghold which can protect them from the cruelty of others. This is one of the aspects that can be identified since it is vital for describing the actions of these girls and their survival in the chaotic society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Parents’ Influence on the Life of the Main Characters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In contrast, Tobias has to cope with very different problems. One of his major desires is to be perceived as a courageous and powerful person who is able always to attain his goals. Moreover, he places much emphasis on strength as a way of escaping from reality in which nobody is attached to him. Again, this form of behavior can be mostly attributed to his relationship with his parents, especially his stepfather Dwight, who teaches Jack to fight. In fact, the display of aggression is quite acceptable to Toby’s stepfather. Overall, Toby is opposed to Dwight, but he is influenc ed by the behavior of this man. For example, Toby despises every sign of weaknesses in other people. This is something that he does not want to display. For example, he almost ends his friendship with the boy called Arthur Gale only because Dwight calls this boy a â€Å"sissy† (Wolf 168). Apart from that, it is difficult for Toby to admit that he can sometimes be wrong. Moreover, he cannot apologize to Mr. Welch who has nothing to do with Toby’s misfortunes. The problem is that his parents have never taught him to act in this way. Such actions are completely unacceptable for people like Dwight. This is why one can argue that parents largely influence the values and attitudes of children. They shape the way in which children perceive the world. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Apart from that, it is extremely difficult for Toby to integrate himself into the community. This is one of the reasons why he eventually chooses to go to the Vietnam War since in this way; he tries to prove that he is both courageous and strong. Thus, lack of his parents’ attention profoundly shapes his transition into adulthood. In contrast, Nell and Eva are able to withstand the dramatic transformation of the society and preserve the unity of their family. They are not driven only by their self-interest because such an approach can only lead to their destruction. It should be taken into account that Nell and Eva do not always follow the recommendations of their parents. For example, their father wants them to be homeschooled; yet, Nell wants to be educated at Harvard since in this way she can obtain more opportunities for self-development. Similarly, Eva retains her interest in dancing, even though her mother objected to this activity. Nevertheless, the memories of parents and childhood are of great value to Nell and Eva because they give them hope and show that these girls can retain their dignity. One cannot say the same thing about Tobi as who wants to forget his childhood since it did not bring him happiness.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He wants to become an adult as soon as possible, because he associates adulthood with independence and self-sufficiency. This is one of the issues that should be considered when discussing the differences between these characters whose experiences are so distinct from each other. So, one can argue that the impact of parents is the main theme explored in these novels. Overall, this discussion indicates that the interactions with parents shape the worldview of a person. Yet, one should take into account that the influence of parents is not always beneficial. For example, the main character of Tobias Wolf’s memoir is exposed to the aggression and hostilities and these experiences make him self-centered and oriented only toward success, rather than relations with other people. This boy wants to forget his childhood which did not bring him joy. In contrast, the memories of parents and childhood protect Nell and Eva from the dangers that a collapsing society. Moreover, in this way, these girls strengthen their family ties. To some degree, their cohesion can be attributed to the upbringing that they received. This is one of the main issues that should be mentioned. These examples show that a person’s passage into young adulthood can take various forms, and it is the duty of parents to safeguard him/her against possible pitfalls. Hegland, Jean. Into the Forest: A Novel, Boston: Dial Press Trade Paperback, 1998. Print. Wolff, Tobias. This Boys Life: A Memoir, New York: Grove Press, 2000. Print.

Submitting to symbolism essays

Submitting to symbolism essays Every great author posses the ability to create a novel deeply woven in symbolism and subliminal messages. Underneath the literal journey encountered in Joseph Conrad fs Heart of Darkness lies a tale saturated with subtle, yet, significant imagery that brings forth the true meaning of the novella. Throughout Heart of Darkness Conrad uses a plethora of simple colors, objects, and places to convey multifaceted images and ideas. His fine execution of the tools of the English language allows him to quickly lure the reader aboard the Nellie and not release him until the horror is over. Although the interpretation of symbols in the Heart of Darkness is elaborate, due to their simplicity they are often overlooked. An overriding series of symbols in Heart of Darkness is the ongoing contrast of white and black, dark and light, and respectively holding representations of good and evil. Amongst most literature white/light relates to a civilized community and black/dark denotes savagery. However, Conrad often depicts many things usually associated with light to be dark in coincidence with the glittering light shed on dark images. Conrad illustrates the wrath of Europe,  gAnd this also has been one of the darkest places of the earth. h (Conrad 18) Furthermore, Conrad's frequent symbolic combination of life and death is a parallel to light and dark, echoing the fact that the two must exist simultaneously - there cannot be without the other. Blatant, but often passed over is the symbolism of the number three in Heart of Darkness. First, notice that the book is divided into three chapters. From there Conrad only lets Marlow break from the story three times to let the unnamed narrator speak. As the journey through the Congo progresses it halts its journey at three stations-Outer, Central, and Inner. The triads do not end here, but persist through the characters in the novella. Though they play an integral role in He ...

Using the Spanish Conjunction Y

Using the Spanish Conjunction Y Although the Spanish conjunction y usually is the equivalent of the English and, it also can be used in a few ways that arent exactly the way and is in English. Keep in mind that y  changes to  e when it comes before certain words. Basically, it become e when it precedes a word that begins with the i sound, such as iglesia. Using Y To Link Similar Grammatical Units Most of the time, y is used to connect two sentences or words or phrases that are the same part of speech or fulfill the same grammatical function. Thus, for example, it can join two or more nouns as well as two or more direct objects. Grammatically, y in this usage is known as a copulative. Un perro y una vaca son los protagonistas del libro. (A dog and a cow are the books main characters. Y joins two nouns.)Tà º y yo sabemos lo que es vivir tan lejos. (You and I know what it is to live so far away. Y joins two subject pronouns, although it could can join a noun and a pronoun if they are both subjects.)Cantbamos y tocbamos mejor que nadie. (We sang and we played instruments better than anybody. Y joins two verbs.)Es el mejor regalo para à ©l y ella. (Its the best gift for him and her.) ¿Por quà © ese idiota es rico y yo no? (Why is that idiot rich and Im not?)El presidente y el vicepresidente tienen un mandato de cuatro aà ±os. (The president and vice president have a four-year term.)Vi la pelà ­cula y la encontrà © buena. (I saw the film and I found it to be good.)Me duele mucho y estoy preocupada. (Im in much pain and I am worried.) If y is used to join a series of three or more entities, a comma is not used before the final entity unless needed for clarity. This is in contrast with English, where the comma is optional or a matter of; when it is used in English, it is known as the Oxford comma. Tà º, ella y yo vamos a la playa. (You, she, and I are going to the beach.)El leà ³n, la bruja y el armario fue escrito por C.S. Lewis. (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was written by C.S. Lewis.)Venimos, comimos, y nos fuimos. (We came, we ate, and we left.)Esa idea es estereotà ­pica, incorrecta e inautà ©ntica. (That idea is stereotypical, incorrect and inauthentic.) Y in Questions To Mean ‘What About?’ In beginning questions, y can carry the idea of what about? or how about? Although the and of English can be used the same way, the Spanish usage is much more common. No puedo nadar.  ¿Y tà º? (I cant swim. How about you?)No sabà ­a que David estaba enfermo.  ¿Y Casandra? (I didnt know David was sick. What about Casandra?) ¿Y quà ©? (So what?) ¿Y si mi hijo no se toma la medicacià ³n? (What if my son doesnt take the medication?) Y as an Indication of Contrast In some contexts, y can be used to indicate a contrast in a way that the English and standing alone doesnt. In these cases it usually can be translated by and yet or and still. Estudiaba mucho y no sabà ­a nada. She studied a lot and still didnt know anything.Juan es asesino y lo amamos. Juan is a murderer, yet we still love him.Antonio y Casandra son hermanos, pero à ©l es alto y ella es baja. (Antonio and Casandra are brother and sister, but he is tall even while she is short.) Using Y To Suggest a Large Amount As with the English and, when y connects a word or phrase that is repeated, it suggests a large, indefinite amount: Corrieron y corrieron hasta llegar a casa. (The ran and they ran until they arrived at home.)Es una ciudad muerta desde hace aà ±os y aà ±os. (It has been a dead city since years and years ago.)Mi madre estudiaba y estudiaba a todas horas. (My mother studied and studied all the time.) Key Takeaways Y is most often the direct equivalent of and, being used to join two or more works, phrases, or sentences that have the same grammatical status.Y can also be used at the beginning of a question to mean what about.In some contexts, y emphasizes the contrast between two or more grammatical entities.

The Case Colomo vs Bonds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Case Colomo vs Bonds - Essay Example Colomo’s mother then called the two students and in the process lectured Fuller for his actions as well as told Victoria to avoid Fuller and made sure she did not walk alone on the campus. Fuller had also threatened Victoria twice which had led to his suspension from the school, and Victoria was assigned an escort. Other methods on campus were used to keep the two separated. Colomo’s mother also brought this point forward claiming that the school had been indifferent when dealing with the first case. Under this, the courts ruled that if the ‘harasser’ acted in a way that makes the ‘harasser’ be denied of the rights to proper education, school management, and the board would have acted indifferently if they had full awareness of the happenings of the case. However, the student had maintained stable grades since the case was based on the victim’s mother believes that the school acted indifferently in solving the matter. The case was thrown out for lack of evidence. The issues in the case were that Victoria’s mother thought that her daughter was being deprived of the educational opportunities she was supposed to have. The case involved sexual harassment on a school campus and the court had to define what defined what sexual harassment was. Rather than there being a decision in the case, it was dismissed. It was added to the rules of the school that this was not â€Å"severe, pervasive and objectively offensive† to an extent that it can constitute a violation of the Title IX of the school rules. The reason that the case was dismissed was that the members of the court there was an act of intentional indifference. It might have been probable that the victim mother acted on her own terms to protect her daughter. According to the law, there is no course of action against the school.

Reality Show Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reality Show - Personal Statement Example From acting to production, from camera-handling to costumes, the television industry is on the swell, attracting numerous individuals with employment opportunities. And who would not love to be a part of the whole glitz and glamour! Of course, I am no exception to this. If given the opportunity to become part of the television industry and conceptualize my own television reality show, I would ensure that my show contains all the ingredients required for a super hit show. Reality shows are television shows that usually involve hosts, judges and participants. The show evolves by the participation and judgment of the participants' abilities that are tested during the event of the show, by the judges. The participants could be the general public or even celebrities. The host is usually a well-spoken, attentive and interactive person, who knows how to make the participants feel at home, while also talking about their talents and capabilities. He acts as the link between the participants and judges, as also between the viewers and the people on the show! The

Professional development & critical reflection Essay

Professional development & critical reflection - Essay Example †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Demonstrate a critically reflective understanding of a range of social and individual factors which can affect children’s and young people’s well-being and development inside and outside of the school/setting; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Show understanding of how to identify these factors in relation to particular children/pupils; 2. Ensure that you demonstrate detailed knowledge & understanding of key concepts and theories, through clarity or writing and that you are aware of and demonstrate the provisional nature of knowledge 3. You need to show evidence of a general critical approach building on your use of appropriate literature, by your individual judgement and reflection. Look at the title and the criteria more carefully Agreed Provisional Mark – may be subject to change until confirmed by the appropriate assessment board First Marker’s Name Second Marker’s/Moderator’s name, where appropriate A copy o f this sheet must be retained with the coursework item. Professional Development & Critical Reflection Introduction This paper, by reference to a case study of Child A and the relevant literature provides a critical reflection of the social and individual factors that can influence a child or a young person’s welfare and development both at school and outside of school. Likewise, this paper will demonstrate an understanding of how these factors are identified by reference to specific child or student. In doing so, this paper will illustrate knowledge and understanding of the primary concepts and theories. Child A Background Information Previous school assessments and my own assessment reveal that Child A is a 7 year old male student who is repeating the first year because of learning difficulties. Two years... This paper, by reference to a case study of Child A and the relevant literature provides a critical reflection of the social and individual factors that can influence a child or a young person’s welfare and development both at school and outside of school. Likewise, this paper will demonstrate an understanding of how these factors are identified by reference to specific child or student. In doing so, this paper will illustrate knowledge and understanding of the primary concepts and theories. Previous school assessments and my own assessment reveal that Child A is a 7 year old male student who is repeating the first year because of learning difficulties. Two years of review reveals that Child A’s primary language is English. He has language-based difficulties, numbers-based difficulties and poor motor skills. Child A’s language-based difficulties are manifested by the fact that he has a tendency to write letters of the alphabet and numbers in reverse. He also freq uently confuses capital letters with lower case letters. Observations/assessments also reveal that Child A is introverted and does not socialize with other children. In fact, Child A has been described as a loner. In addition, Child A has difficulties with cognitive functioning in that his attention span is quite short and he has difficulty going from one task to another. He requires simple and differentiated instruction and adult supervision in order to get him to focus and complete tasks. Visual aids are also required to engage Child A in classroom learning and instruction.